在导致女性不孕的众多病因中,子宫内膜异位症堪称“隐形杀手”——它悄无声息地损害女性生育能力,却因症状隐匿常被忽视。
华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院刘义教授团队与武汉大学中南医院刘恒炜教授团队在《BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology》2025年发表的题为“Global, Regional and National Burden of Infertility due to Endometriosis: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 and Forecast to 2044”的研究,并依托全球疾病负担研究(GBD)数据,系统分析了1990-2021年全球、区域及国家层面子宫内膜异位症相关不孕症的疾病负担,并预测了2044年的趋势。研究致力于揭示这一“隐形杀手”在地域分布、年龄阶段等维度的流行规律及成因,为制定全球防控策略提供关键依据,解答哪些女性和地区更易受其威胁的核心问题。
一、触目惊心的数据:不孕与子宫内膜异位症的全球关联
全球每6对夫妇就有1对面临不孕,其中约30%的女性不孕由子宫内膜异位症引发。最新研究基于全球疾病负担(GBD)数据,揭示这一“沉默杀手”的真实面貌:
01 患病率虽降,病例数攀升
1990-2021年,全球年龄标准化患病率(ASPR)从81.99/10万降至60.61/10万,但总病例数从109万增至118万。这一变化与人口增长(如育龄女性基数扩大)及诊断率提升相关。
02 区域差异显著
❖低SDI地区:2021年ASPR达78.78/10万,病例数210,623例,负担最重。
❖高SDI地区:ASPR仅45.44/10万,病例数115,121 例,负担最轻。
03 类型差异
原发性不孕ASPR年降幅(-1.13%)大于继发性不孕(-0.90%),提示初发患者干预效果更显著。
二、人群与地域及年龄特征:谁是高危人群?
(一)年龄阶段的“双重高峰”
✦25-29岁:发病与不孕的“黄金干预窗口”
该年龄段ASPR最高,青春期未治疗的痛经可能是重要诱因。研究显示,初潮早(<12岁)且月经周期短(<21天)的女性,30岁前患子宫内膜异位症风险增加37%。此时卵巢功能旺盛,但病灶易引发盆腔粘连,需警惕“无痛经≠无内异症”的隐匿性。
✦35岁+:继发性不孕的转折点
35-39岁女性中,继发性与原发性不孕比例达峰值(高SDI地区持续至45-49岁)。随年龄增长,卵巢储备下降与子宫内膜异位症进展形成“双重打击”,40岁后自然妊娠率每年下降15%-20%,需尽早干预。
(二)地域分布的“贫富鸿沟”
✦低SDI地区:诊断与治疗的“双重洼地”
撒哈拉以南非洲中部、南亚等地区,因超声覆盖率不足20%、腹腔镜手术率<5%,70%患者依赖临床症状诊断(误诊率45%)。同时,辅助生殖技术覆盖率不足1%,90%重症患者被迫放弃生育。
✦高SDI地区:防控标杆与潜在短板
北美高收入地区通过全民医保实现腹腔镜检查覆盖率92%、IVF周期数/百万人口达1,200次,诊断延迟从7年缩短至2.3年。但俄罗斯、立陶宛等国家ASPR仍高于同层级地区,提示医疗资源分配不均问题依然存在。
三、未来趋势与防控短板
(一)2044年预测:病例数增、区域差距扩大
全球病例数将破123万。SPR持续下降但区域失衡,全球ASPR降至53.51/10万。
(二)三大核心挑战
01 诊断依赖有创检查
全球58%病例依赖腹腔镜确诊,低SDI地区仅3%可接受检查,70%轻度病灶漏诊。
02 治疗可及性鸿沟
高SDI地区IVF覆盖率35%,低SDI地区不足1%,90%重症患者被迫放弃生育。
03 政策与科研投入不足
全球研究资金仅占癌症研究的1.2%,低SDI地区基层医生培训率不足15%。
四、临床与政策建议:精准干预与公平性提升
(一)诊断与治疗“三步法”
01 快速筛查
询问“进行性痛经、非经期盆腔痛、备孕1年未孕”三大症状,联合经阴道超声(查巧克力囊肿,敏感性82%)和血清CA125(>35U/mL警惕)。
02 分层治疗
❖轻度(I-II期):口服避孕药或GnRH拮抗剂,6个月未孕启动人工授精(AIH)。
❖中重度(III-IV期):腹腔镜手术后3个月内启动GnRH激动剂,6个月未孕直接IVF(长方案提升着床率)。
❖复发性病例:二线药物或二次手术,年龄>35岁直接IVF避免卵巢损伤。
03 特殊人群管理
青春期患者首选孕激素缓解疼痛,肥胖患者(BMI>28)需减重5%降低复发风险。
(二)政策与全球协作
✦基层能力强化:在低SDI地区推广“腹腔镜流动筛查车”,培训社区卫生工作者使用便携式超声(如印度ASHA模式)。
✦医保与科研倾斜:参考澳大利亚,将子宫内膜异位症纳入慢性病管理,提供IVF费用补贴(如50%);加速唾液miRNA等无创诊断技术临床转化,缩短诊断延迟(目标从5.8年至2年)。
✦国际资源共享:建立跨区域诊疗指南,高SDI地区向低SDI地区输出微创技术培训与专家支持。
让每一个生育愿望,都不因地域与年龄而妥协
从尼日尔到冰岛的数字差距,不是冰冷的统计结果,而是千万女性被折叠的生育希望——当25岁的非洲女性因缺乏超声检查而延误诊断时,同龄的欧洲女性已通过早期干预保留生育可能;当40岁的南亚女性因负担不起IVF而被迫放弃时,同年龄段的北美女性正通过医保支持尝试辅助生殖。
子宫内膜异位症致不孕的防控,是对全球卫生公平的考验,更是对“每个女性都应享有生育自主权”的承诺践行。我们呼吁:让医疗技术的进步追上人口增长的速度,让基层医疗的温暖覆盖每一寸土地,让年龄不再是生育的枷锁,地域不再是健康的鸿沟。
每一个数字背后,都是鲜活的生命期待。愿每一次诊断不再因资源匮乏而延迟,每一次治疗不再因经济压力而放弃——这不仅是医学的温度,更是文明社会应有的模样。
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专家简介
刘义 教授
华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院
医学博士,教授,主任医师,博士研究生导师
❖华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院生殖中心主任
❖华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院妇产科副主任
❖湖北省病理生理学会妇科内分泌专业委员会主任委员
❖湖北省预防医学会妇产科学分会副主任委员
❖湖北省医学会妇产科学会常务理事
❖湖北省生殖健康学会常务理事
❖国家自然科学基金评审专家
❖卫生部人类辅助生殖技术评审专家
❖《生殖医学杂志》等杂志编委
❖JCEM、AMJ Reprod Immuno等特约审稿人
主要从事子宫内膜异位症及不孕症的研究,主持国家自然科学基金5项及多项省级科研项目,参与国家自然科学基金区域联合重点项目一项,获国家发明专利2项。在“Hum Reprod”、“Fertil & Steril”及“Biol Reprod”等杂志发表论文100多篇。
刘恒炜 教授
武汉大学中南医院
武汉大学中南医院妇科,医学博士,副主任医师,硕士生导师
学术任职:
❖中国医药教育协会妇科专业委员会委员
❖中国优生科学协会肿瘤生殖分会委员
❖湖北省病理生理学会会员、湖北省病理生理学会妇科内分泌专委会内异症学组成员
❖Innovation、Proliferation、Medicine Advance、Imed、《临床与病理杂志》中青年编委。
科研及擅长领域:
主持国家自然科学基金青年基金项目1项(内异症)、湖北省自然科学基金项目1项、中央高校自主创新基金1项、参与国家自然科学基金3项,发表SCI论文多篇。
擅长子宫内膜异位症、子宫腺肌病、子宫肌瘤、卵巢囊肿、子宫内膜息肉等微创手术。
责编:煎薯片